Abdur-Rahman,
It is commonly known among the Muslims that it is obligatory for the female to cover her ^Awrah (Unlawful nakedness) when around those who are marriagable to her.
Note, the ^awrah of the female is everything but the face and hands (and feet according to some). It is not obligatory for the woman to cover her face.
There is proof of this contained in the Qur'an, the hadith and among the consensus of the Scholars. As brother Maqdisee mentioned in another thread:
There are many proofs that shows the obligation of wearing the Hijab (body cover) on women from Qura’an , Hadeeth, and Muslim scholars Ijma’, and there are some details follows that, but for answering your question I’ll mention one verse from the holy Qur’an:
From the Qur’an the verse number 31 in Surat Annour / ( æáÇ íÈÏíä ÒíäÊåä ÅáÇ ãÇ ÙåÑ ãäåÇ þ) (wala yubdeena zeenatahunna illaa maa Thahara minhaa) which means that women should not show from their bodies except the face and the hands (what is covered when you where a full gloves).
Ayeshah (the wife of the Prophet ) and Imam Abdullah eben Abbas said in explaining the exception of what is allowed to be shown is the face and hands, and the same Imam Ahamd said. And that is clear that every thing else other than the face and the hands should be covered from the body.
Allah has made it an OBLIGATION upon the woman to cover all but her face and hands.Therefore, if she does not, she is disobeying Allah, which is punishable.
Know, that there is much Wisdom as to why we are odered by our Creator do do specific things. We may not see it, but there is always Wisdom. Allah is Most Wise.
We know that we are obligated to pray 5 times a day. This is commonly known. We don't question this. We obey Allah by performing the act.
Similarly to the mandeel, or scarf. The woman is obligated to wear it, so she doesn't question it or make excuses so as not to wear it, rather she performs the act to obey the One who Created her.
You said:
Does it not befall on us to question whether this interpretation is valid today, especially given the appropriateness of such a dress code in the peculiar circumstances of the desserts of Arabia in the fourth century?
Again, I am not here to pick fights. It is just that the typical "hijab" dress code seems nonsensical in the context of the world as it is today.
Why is is that you question the hijab in the present day?
Allah ordered the woman with this, and she obeys. It might be said whether the world changes further in the next 200 years it will not make a difference.
Time may pass, and things around us may change. But Islam will not and the rules of the Religion must be adhered to.
The hijab is a beautiful garment for the woman to wear. It protects her from many things. Don't listen to those who mock the woman in hijab, or those who feel sorry for the woman in hijab. Allah Knows Best.
There are many threads about this topic , which may have much more information.
I suggest you take a look.
:wave2